Hypertension is a prevalent global health issue that necessitates accurate Blood Pressure (BP) measurement for effective diagnosis and management. Recent studies underscore the significant impact of body posture on BP readings, which is often overlooked in clinical practice. BP varies significantly with posture, notably decreasing when transitioning from supine to standing positions (Hossain et al., 2019). This highlights the need for consistent measurement protocols to prevent misdiagnosis or inappropriate treatment adjustments. Moreover, body composition plays a crucial role in BP variability. Higher Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference (WC) are associated with greater increases in systolic BP upon standing, suggesting that adiposity significantly affects BP regulation during postural changes (Moreno Velasquez et al., 2022). These findings emphasize the importance of considering body composition in cardiovascular risk assessments. BMI and Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHT2R) have been identified as useful predictors for high BP and wide Pulse Pressure (PP), highlighting their relevance in clinical evaluations (Kang, 2021).

Additionally, prolonged sedentary behaviour, such as sitting, has been shown to adversely affect cardiovascular health. Increases in BP during prolonged sitting indicate potential risks associated with sedentary lifestyles (Alansareet al., 2020). Variability in central BP responses to upright posture identifies systemic vascular resistance and cardiac output as key factors influencing these changes. This suggests that traditional brachial BP measurements may not fully capture cardiovascular risk, underscoring the need to consider central hemodynamic.

Regular activity breaks during periods of prolonged sitting have been found to significantly improve vascular function compared to continuous sitting or standing. This highlights the potential risks associated with sedentary lifestyles and underscores the importance of incorporating movement into daily routines to mitigate cardiovascular risks (Peddieet al., 2021). Furthermore, different body postures can significantly influence cardiovascular responses. For instance, the right lateral recumbent position has been associated with the lowest blood pressure readings, while the bent position tends to record the highest. These findings suggest that posture plays a crucial role in BP variability, which is essential for understanding individual differences in cardiovascular measurements.

Collectively, these studies emphasize the complexity of BP regulation and its sensitivity to factors such as posture, body composition, and lifestyle behaviours. Understanding these dynamics is vital for improving hypertension diagnosis and management strategies, enabling healthcare providers to offer more personalized and effective interventions.

The study aimed to investigate the effects of various sitting postures on BP measurements and their correlation with BMI. A total of 50 participants, aged between 20 and 33 years, were recruited. Participants provided informed consent before participating in the study. Demographic details such as name, age, gender, family history of hypertension and diabetes was recorded.

• Both male and female participants.
• Participants willing to provide informed written consent.
• Participants must be able to maintain various sitting postures comfortably for the necessary duration.
• Participants free from diagnosed cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, or metabolic disorders.

• Participants who smoke and have history of excessive alcohol intake.
• Participants taking antihypertensive, cardiovascular, or weight-modifying medications.

BP was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer, adhering to standardized guidelines to ensure consistency and reliability. Four different sitting postures were tested to observe variations in BP:

Sitting with a backrest and uncrossed legs.
Sitting without backrest and uncrossed legs.
Sitting with a backrest and crossed legs.
Sitting without backrest and crossed legs.

For each posture, the cuff was appropriately positioned on the participant’s upper arm, ensuring proper fit and placement at heart level. BP readings were recorded in the same environment to minimize external influences, with a rest period of at least 5 minutes between postures.

BMI was calculated for each participant to assess its potential correlation with BP readings. Height (in meters) was measured using a stadiometer, and weight (in kilograms) was measured using a calibrated digital scale. BMI was derived using the formula:

BMI=Weight (kg)/Height (m²)

• Paired t-test: Used to compare BP measurements between the four sitting postures within the same individual, assessing statistically significant differences.
• Pearson correlation coefficient: Employed to examine the relationship between BMI and BP readings across different postures.

All analyses were performed using a statistical software package, with a significance level set at p<0.05. Results were presented as mean±Standard Deviation (SD) for BP readings and BMI. This approach allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of how sitting posture and BMI influence BP measurements.

A total of 50 students were involved in the study and 78% of the participants were females whereas 22% were males (Table 1). The average age of the participant was 22.68 years with a SD of 3.5 years. Among the respondents, 32% of them had a family history of hypertension and 30% of them had a family history of diabetes mellitus. More than half of students had normal weight (60%), 4% were underweight, 28% were overweight and 8% were obese (Table 1).

Comparison of Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) in different sitting postures were displayed in Figures 1 and 2. Among different sitting postures, the median value of BP was highest in sitting without back rest and without crossed legs. The BP was noticed lowest at sitting with back rest and without crossed legs.

Figure 1:
Comparison of SBP in different sitting postures.

Figure 2:
Comparison of DBP in different sitting postures.

A paired t-test was performed to determine the differences between various sitting postures. Significant different results were noticed in three different pairs: pairs 1, 2 and 3. Sitting with back rest without crossed legs showed lower blood pressure compared to other postures (Table 2).

A Pearson correlation test was carried out as shown in Tables 3 and 4 and the results showed that BMI is positively related to SBP taken at back rest without crossed legs and crossed legs without back rest. Regarding DBP, BMI was positively related to sitting with crossed legs without back rest. The strength of association between BP and sitting postures was weak. BP taken at the different sitting positions were positively related to each other with moderate to strong association.

This study investigates the complex interactions between body posture, body composition, and BP variability. The findings align with existing literature, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of BP regulation and its implications for clinical practice.

Body posture significantly influences BP measurements, with notable physiological mechanisms, such as changes in venous return and cardiac output, playing a role. Research has demonstrated marked reductions in both SBP and DBP when transitioning from supine to standing (Hossain et al., 2019), underscoring the importance of standardizing BP measurement protocols. Similarly, elevated BP levels in unsupported sitting positions are reported due to increased muscular strain (Severinet al., 2020). This aligns with our findings, which showed lower BP values in postures with back support, highlighting the necessity of incorporating back support into clinical BP measurement protocols. Our study complements findings from Quarteyet al. (2023), who observed varying BP levels across postural changes, suggesting posture-induced variability as a key factor in understanding individual differences in cardiovascular responses. Additionally, significant hemodynamic changes observed in children and adolescents when moving from supine to sitting without back support highlight the importance of posture in managing sitting intolerance symptoms (Taoet al., 2020). By integrating these observations, our study underscores the importance of postural considerations for accurate BP assessments.

Our study corroborates the significant association between BMI and BP levels, as highlighted by previous research (Papathanasiouet al., 2015). Higher BMI is consistently linked to increased hypertension risk, reinforcing the need to consider body composition in cardiovascular risk assessments. Further studies emphasize that both BMI and WC are associated with postural increases in SBP, although BMI remains the dominant predictor (Moreno Velasquez et al., 2022). Kang (2021) explored associations between obesity indices like BMI and WHT2R with BP among Korean adults, finding both indices useful predictors for high BP and wide Pulse Pressure (PP). Similarly, visceral fat and Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR) have been identified as significant predictors of SBP among medical students, suggesting that central obesity measures may provide better insights into hypertension risks compared to general adiposity measures (Gandhiet al., 2020).

The mathematical model developed by Olufsenet al. (2005) provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the physiological processes involved in BP regulation during postural changes. The model highlights the roles of autonomic regulation and cerebral autoregulation in maintaining cerebral perfusion despite gravitational challenges. This mechanistic insight is crucial for developing targeted interventions to manage orthostatic intolerance and related disorders. While smoking and physical activity levels were not significantly associated with BP in some studies, these lifestyle factors remain important considerations for overall cardiovascular health (Papathanasiouet al., 2015). Regular activity breaks during prolonged sitting significantly improve vascular function and reduce postprandial insulin levels compared to continuous sitting or standing, emphasizing the benefits of incorporating movement into daily routines (Peddieet al., 2021).

The findings from these studies highlight the necessity for healthcare providers to standardize BP measurement protocols that account for posture-related variability. This approach will enhance the accuracy of hypertension diagnosis and management strategies, ultimately improving patient outcomes. Additionally, ensuring back support during BP measurements can provide more consistent readings by reducing muscular strain and associated hemodynamic changes.

While our study provides valuable insights into BP variability, it is essential to acknowledge limitations such as sample size and demographic diversity. Future research should explore these relationships in larger, more diverse populations to validate our findings further. Additionally, investigating genetic factors and their interaction with environmental influences could offer deeper understanding into BP regulation mechanisms.

This study underscores the significant role of sitting posture in influencing BP variability and highlights the need to consider posture and BMI in clinical BP measurements. Specifically, sitting with a backrest and without crossed legs was associated with lower BP readings, whereas individuals with higher BMI demonstrated greater variability in BP depending on their posture. These insights support the development of more precise and individualized BP measurement protocols, ultimately enhancing cardiovascular risk assessments and management strategies. Future research should validate these findings in larger, more diverse populations to strengthen the generalizability of the results. Investigating additional factors such as age, gender, and physical activity levels could provide a more comprehensive understanding of BP variability. Moreover, exploring the physiological mechanisms underlying these associations will be crucial in advancing hypertension diagnosis and treatment.